13 results
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Chapter Sixteen - Perspective
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- By Gerard J. Allan, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Stephen M. Shuster, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Scott Woolbright, The Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Faith Walker, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Nashelly Meneses, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Arthur Keith, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Joseph K. Bailey, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Thomas G. Whitham, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University
- Edited by Takayuki Ohgushi, Kyoto University, Japan, Oswald Schmitz, Yale University, Connecticut, Robert D. Holt, University of Florida
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- Trait-Mediated Indirect Interactions
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
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- 06 December 2012, pp 295-323
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Summary
Introduction
Trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) are important mediators of community diversity and structure and associated ecosystem processes. Elucidating the genetic basis of ecologically important phenotypic traits is the first step toward understanding the complex interactions that occur among community members. Molecular markers routinely used in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses (e.g., amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs)) have provided researchers with a toolbox for investigating the genetic basis of heritable traits. A goal of this research is to link genetically based traits to community interactions and ecosystem function. Ultimately, this insight can open a window onto the evolutionary dynamics that shape community structure and associated ecosystem processes (e.g., nutrient cycling). Such an approach is important as it bears on the continued development of the field of community genetics, which seeks to understand the genetic interactions that occur between species and their abiotic environment in complex communities (e.g., Whitham et al. 2003, 2006; Johnson and Agrawal 2005; LeRoy et al. 2006; Bangert et al. 2006a, b; Schweitzer et al. 2008; Crutsinger et al. 2009; Bailey et al. 2009).
Chapter Nineteen - Functional and heritable consequences of plant genotype on community composition and ecosystem processes
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- By Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Joseph K. Bailey, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Dylan G. Fischer, Environmental Studies Program, The Evergreen State College, Carri J. LeRoy, Environmental Studies Program, The Evergreen State College, Thomas G. Whitham, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Stephen C. Hart, School of Natural Sciences and Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California – Merced
- Edited by Takayuki Ohgushi, Kyoto University, Japan, Oswald Schmitz, Yale University, Connecticut, Robert D. Holt, University of Florida
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- Trait-Mediated Indirect Interactions
- Published online:
- 05 February 2013
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- 06 December 2012, pp 371-390
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Summary
Introduction
Foundation species represent excellent model systems for understanding the broad consequences of variation on community and ecosystem processes as they provide a focal resource upon which associated interacting species depend. As foundation species (Dayton 1972; Ellison et al. 2005), trees and other dominant plants often create stable conditions via plant traits that allow dependent communities to assemble regularly and influence ecosystem processes such as net primary productivity (NPP) and soil fertility (i.e., nutrient cycling, via accumulations of leaf or root organic matter or root exudates; Zinke 1962; Zak et al. 1986; Binkley and Giardina 1998; Bartelt-Ryser et al. 2005; Wardle 2006). Recent studies in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats have shown that intraspecific genetic variation (defined at multiple genetic scales, including introgression [movement of genes from one species to another], genotypic diversity [studies manipulating the number of genotypes in a population] and genotypic variation [variation among genotypes]) in foundation plants can have community-wide consequences. Intraspecific variation affects associated vertebrate, arthropod and microbial community composition or activity and ecosystem level processes (recently reviewed in Johnson and Stinchcombe 2007; Hughes et al. 2008; Whitham et al. 2008; Bailey et al. 2009). For example, genetic variation resulting from the introgression of genes from one species to another through the process of hybridization has been shown to have important consequences for associated species, communities and ecosystem processes in multiple hybridizing plant species, including Salix spp., Eucalyptus spp., Quercus spp. and Populus spp. (Fritz et al. 1994; Dungey et al. 2000; Hochwender and Fritz 2004; Ito and Ozaki 2005; Wimp et al. 2005; Tovar-Sanchez and Oyama 2006; Bangert et al. 2008). In the Populus system specifically, recent field and common garden studies have shown that genetic variation across a hybridizing system (P. fremontii, P. angustifolia and their natural F1 and backcross hybrids) results in shifts in plant traits, including secondary chemistry, plant water use and above- and belowground productivity (Fischer et al. 2004; Rehill et al. 2006; Schweitzer et al. 2008a; Lojewski et al. 2009). Whether due directly or indirectly to these plant traits, rates of leaf litter decomposition, total belowground carbon (C) allocation and pools of soil nitrogen (N) and rates of net N mineralization also shift along this genetic gradient (Schweitzer et al. 2004, 2008, b; LeRoy et al. 2006; Whitham et al. 2006; Lojewski et al. 2009; Fischer et al. 2007, 2010).
Chapter Fourteen - From genes to ecosystems
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- By Joseph K. Bailey, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Francisco Úbeda, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Benjamin M. Fitzpatrick, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Mark A. Genung, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Clara C. Pregitzer, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Matthew Zinkgraf, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Thomas G. Whitham, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Arthur Keith, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Julianne M. O’Reilly-Wapstra, Bradley M. Potts, School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Brian J. Rehill, Department of Chemistry, US Naval Academy, Carri J. LeRoy, Environmental Studies Program, The Evergreen State College, Dylan G. Fischer, Environmental Studies Program, The Evergreen State College
- Edited by Glenn R. Iason, Marcel Dicke, Wageningen Universiteit, The Netherlands, Susan E. Hartley, University of York
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- The Ecology of Plant Secondary Metabolites
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- 05 August 2012
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- 19 April 2012, pp 269-286
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Summary
Introduction
Relatively little is understood about the extent to which evolution in one species can result in changes to associated communities and ecosystems, the potential mechanisms responsible for those changes (genetic drift, gene flow or natural selection), the phenotypes or candidate genes that may link ecological and evolutionary dynamics, or the role of rapid evolution and feedbacks. However, linking genes and ecosystems in this manner is fundamental to placing community structure and ecosystem function in an evolutionary framework. This is not an easy endeavour as the field of community genetics is multi-disciplinary (Whitham et al., 2006), and ecological and evolutionary dynamics occur at different spatial and temporal scales. Recent reviews show that plant genetic variation can have extended consequences at the community and ecosystem level (extended phenotype; Whitham et al., 2003) affecting arthropod diversity, soil microbial communities, trophic interactions, carbon dynamics and soil nitrogen availability (Whitham et al., 2006; Johnson & Stinchcombe, 2007; Hughes et al., 2008; Bailey et al., 2009a). Its effects are not limited to single systems or even foundation species, but are common across broadly distributed plant and animal systems, and can have effects at the community and ecosystem level of similar magnitude to traditional ecological factors, such as differences among species (Bailey et al., 2009a, b).
Theory in the fields of community genetics (Shuster et al., 2006; Whitham et al., 2006) and co-evolution (Thompson, 2005) also supports the connection between evolutionary and ecological dynamics (Johnson et al., 2009). Multiple investigators argue that community and ecosystem phenotypes represent complex traits related to variation in the fitness consequences of inter-specific indirect genetic effects (IIGEs) (Thompson, 2005; Shuster et al., 2006; Whitham et al., 2006; Tetard-Jones et al., 2007). In their most basic form, IIGEs occur when the genotype of one individual affects the phenotype and fitness of an associated individual of a different species (Moore et al.,1997; Agrawal et al., 2001; Shuster et al., 2006; Wade, 2007). Such interactions are important in the geographic mosaic theory of co-evolution (Thompson, 2005), the development of community heritability (Shuster et al., 2006) and non-additive responses of community structure, biodiversity and ecosystem function (Bailey et al., 2009a). Empirical evidence for the effects of plant genetic variation on communities and ecosystems, paired with growing theoretical models explaining evolutionary mechanisms for these results, provides a solid foundation for understanding how evolutionary processes, such as drift and selection, may affect community structure and ecosystem function.
3 - A community and ecosystem genetics approach to conservation biology and management
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- By Thomas G. Whitham, Northern Arizona University, Catherine A. Gehring, Northern Arizona University, Luke M. Evans, Northern Arizona University, Carri J. LeRoy, The Evergreen State College, Randy K. Bangert, Idaho State University, Jennifer A. Schweitzer, University of Tennessee, Gerard J. Allan, Northern Arizona University, Robert C. Barbour, University of Tasmania, Dylan G. Fischer, The Evergreen State College, Bradley M. Potts, University of Tasmania, Joseph K. Bailey, Northern Arizona University
- Edited by J. Andrew DeWoody, Purdue University, Indiana, John W. Bickham, Purdue University, Indiana, Charles H. Michler, Purdue University, Indiana, Krista M. Nichols, Purdue University, Indiana, Gene E. Rhodes, Purdue University, Indiana, Keith E. Woeste, Purdue University, Indiana
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- Book:
- Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation and Management
- Published online:
- 05 July 2014
- Print publication:
- 14 June 2010, pp 50-73
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The emerging field of community and ecosystem genetics has so far focused on how the genetic variation in one species can influence the composition of associated communities and ecosystem processes such as decomposition (see definitions in Table 3–1; reviews by Whitham et al. 2003, 2006; Johnson & Stinchcombe 2007; Hughes et al. 2008). A key component of this approach has been an emphasis on understanding how the genetics of foundation plant species influence a much larger community. It is reasoned that because foundation species structure their ecosystems by creating locally stable conditions and provide specific resources for diverse organisms (Dayton 1972; Ellison et al. 2005), the genetics of these species as “community drivers” are most important to understand and most likely to have cascading ecological and evolutionary effects throughout an ecosystem (Whitham et al. 2006). For example, when a foundation species’ genotype influences the relative fitness of other species, it constitutes an indirect genetic interaction (Shuster et al. 2006), and when these interactions change species composition and abundance among individual tree genotypes, they result in individual genotypes having distinct community and ecosystem phenotypes. Thus, in addition to an individual genotype having the “traditional” phenotype that population geneticists typically consider as the expression of a trait at the individual and population level, community geneticists must also consider higher-level phenotypes at the community and ecosystem level. The predictability of phenotypes at levels higher than the population can be quantified as community heritability (i.e., the tendency for related individuals to support similar communities of organisms and ecosystem processes; Whitham et al. 2003, 2006; Shuster et al. 2006).
Dietary predictors of visceral adiposity in overweight young adults
- Bruce W. Bailey, Debra K. Sullivan, Erik P. Kirk, Joseph E. Donnelly
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 103 / Issue 12 / 28 June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 January 2010, pp. 1702-1705
- Print publication:
- 28 June 2010
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The purpose of the present study was to determine the dietary predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) area in overweight young adults. A total of 109 young adults (fifty males and fifty-nine females) ate ad libitum in a university cafeteria for 14 d. All food and beverages consumed in the cafeteria were measured using observer-recorded weighed plate waste. Food consumption outside the cafeteria (i.e. snacks) was assessed by multiple-pass 24 h recall procedures. VAT was determined using computed tomography. Stepwise regression demonstrated that the best predictor of visceral adiposity in women was total dietary fat (P ≤ 0·05). In men, the model for predicting visceral adiposity included Ca and total dietary fat. We concluded that total dietary fat is the best predictor of VAT area in both men and women. While this relationship was independent in women, in men there was a synergistic relationship between dietary fat consumption and Ca consumption in predicting VAT.
13 - Biodiversity is related to indirect interactions among species of large effect
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- By Joseph K. Bailey, Northern Arizona University, Thomas G. Whitham, Northern Arizona University
- Edited by Takayuki Ohgushi, Kyoto University, Japan, Timothy P. Craig, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Peter W. Price, Northern Arizona University
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- Book:
- Ecological Communities
- Published online:
- 12 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 04 January 2007, pp 306-328
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Summary
Introduction
Because communities are structured by the interactions among species, indirect interactions (i.e., effects of one species on another mediated by a third) are likely to play a major role in determining community composition. Through indirect interactions with plants, herbivores can have large effects on community composition by creating habitats and conditions to which other species respond. For example, beaver herbivory of cottonwoods increases phytochemical defensive compounds in resprout cottonwoods that positively affect the abundance of a leaf-chewing chrysomelid beetle (Martinsen et al. 1998). Herbivores can create these habitats or conditions by modifying plant architecture (Nakamura and Ohgushi 2003), secondary chemistry (Karban and Baldwin 1997), plant species composition (Johnston and Naiman 1990, Chadde and Kay 1991), building of structures (Cappuccino 1993, Jones et al. 1994, Dickson and Whitham 1996, Martinsen et al. 2000, Bailey and Whitham 2003), changes to the spatial distribution of habitat (Chadde and Kay 1991), or some combination of these effects, any of which can influence community composition. When herbivores are dominant species, keystone species (Hunter 1992) and/or ecosystem engineers, they can have strong positive or negative effects on associated species (Jones et al. 1997, Wimp and Whitham 2001, Bailey and Whitham 2002). Hereafter, we refer to such organisms as species of large effect, i.e., species which create ecological conditions to which other species respond resulting in a change in community composition.
Solvent Quality Effects in Sol-Gel Processing
- Joseph K. Bailey
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 271 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2011, 219
- Print publication:
- 1992
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To understand how solvent quality can be used to tailor structure in sol-gel processing of silicon alkoxides, polymerized tetramethoxysilane polymers were synthesized and fractionated to give relatively stable, narrow molecular weight dispersion samples. These polymers had molecular weights ranging from 8000 to 45,000. The solubility parameter range for these polymers is 8.9–14.5 (cal/cm3)1/2. Light scattering confirmed that this range could be used to predict solvent quality. Bulk gels prepared using good versus poor solvents demonstrated that solvent quality can be used to tailor properties of the gels, presumably by modifying the extent of interpenetration of the growing polymers.
Imogolite as a Material for Fabrication of Inorganic Membranes
- Jeffrey C. Huling, Joseph K. Bailey, Douglas M. Smith, C. Jeffrey Brinker
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 271 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2011, 511
- Print publication:
- 1992
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Imogolite is a structurally microporous tubular clay comprising one-dimensional pore channels that are 0.8 – 1.2 nm in diameter, depending on composition. The microporous structure of natural and synthetic imogolite has been investigated by nitrogen adsorption as a function of outgassing temperature. A significant increase in adsorption at low relative pressure (P/P0 ∼ 10-6) after 275°C outgassing reflects a high concentration and narrow distribution of 0.8 – 0.9 nm diameter pores (i.e., the imogolite tubes) and supports the potential use of imogolite in inorganic membrane applications.
Synthetic Imogolite Paracrystals
- Jeffrey C. Huling, C. Jeffrey Brinker, William C. Ackerman, Douglas M. Smith, Joseph K. Bailey, Janos Farkas
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 286 / 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2011, 39
- Print publication:
- 1992
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Imogolite is a structurally microporous tubular clay comprising one-dimensional pore channels that are ∼1 nm in diameter. In addition to its novel tubular morphology, a notable structural characteristic of imogolite is its occurrence in paracrystalline tube bundles in which the individual tubes are close-packed with their axes in parallel alignment. We have developed a technique that aligns and tightly packs the tube bundles over macroscopic dimensions, in a manner analogous to the alignment and packing of the individual imogolite tubes within the bundles. This extends the range of imogolite paracrystallinity, effectively eliminating mesoporosity and nontubular phases.
Mechanisms of Silica and Titania Colloidal Particle Formation from Metal Alkoxides
- Joseph K. Bailey, Martha L. Mecartney
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 180 / 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2011, 153
- Print publication:
- 1990
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Control of the preparation of monodisperse particles for green body formation can be achieved by understanding the growth mechanism. Growth processes for colloidal silica and titania were followed by cryo-TEM, which allows direct observation of the particles in the liquid state. Structural development was tracked by quenching samples at successive reaction times. The preparation of silica particles involved the formation of ramified species which subsequently collapsed after reaching a certain size. In the titania system, initially small dense nuclei are observed which eventually form uniformly textured homogeneous particles.
Structural Evolution During the Sol to Gel Transition of Silicon-Alkoxide Based Sols Observed by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (CRYO-TEM)
- Joseph K. Bailey, Martha L. Mecartney
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 121 / 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 February 2011, 367
- Print publication:
- 1988
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The gelation reaction for tetraethoxysilane in both acid and base catalyzed environments was studied using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The evolution of the gel structure was observed in wet samples by the technique of fast-freeze vitrification, in which the three dimensional gel structure is preserved in vitreous solvent. The sample is then observed in the electron microscope using a cold stage. Samples were prepared and allowed to react until a specific point of gelation was reached, then were vitrified at that point. Results from this technique show a coarse network structure for base catalyzed gels. This network is composed of silica clusters ≈40Å in size. The acid catalyzed gels show an extremely fine texture (<10Å) at end point of gelation. The structures at intermediate stages of gelation were also determined.
Preparation of Vitrified TEM Samples for the Direct Observation of Sol and Gel Structures
- Joseph K. Bailey, Jayesh R. Bellare, Martha L. Mecartney
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 115 / 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2011, 69
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- 1987
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Direct observation of structure in liquid phase materials is made possible by a cryo-vitrification technique in which a thin liquid sample is frozen at a high cooling rate to prevent crystallization. We have applied this technique to observe the evolution of structure in ceramic sols and gels using TEM. The sample preparation technique is described in detail and results obtained from colloidal and polymeric sols and gels are presented to show the usefulness of the technique. Artifacts arising from radiation damage and beam heating are also discussed.